Terms
*humanism-study of Greek and Roman culture
*humanities-grammer, peotry, and history
*Petrarch-a humanist, poet, and scholar
*Florence-a main country in the Renaissance
*patron-financial supporter
*perspective-the way artists looked at realistic art
*Leonardo-artist and inventor with models
*Michelangelo-a sculptor, engineer painter, architect, and poet
*Raphael-painted with a blend of Christian and classical styles
*Baldassare Castiglione-wrote a book explaining manners, skills, and learnings
*Niccolo Machiavelli-wrote a guide on how to gain and keep power
Checkpoints
?What were the main characteristics of the Renaissance?
>It was an advance in art, literature, and acting.
?Why was Italy a favorable setting for the Renaissance?
>Most Italian families were economic leaders, very rich, and successful.
?How were Renaissance ideals reflected in the arts?
>Artists invented many new styles of painting, like classical, realistic, Christian, etc.
?How did Renaissance writings express realism?
>They provided a realistic look at politics, ethnicity, natures of government, and use of power.
Section 2
Terms *Johann Gutenberg-printed the first complete edition of the Bible using his invention, a printing press.
*Flanders-was a region including present day France, Belgium, and the Netherlands.
*Albrecht Durer-was a German painter, and one of the first of northern artists to be profoundly affected by the Renaissance.
*Engraving-was when an artist etches a design on metal with acid.
*Vernacular-is the everyday language used by ordinary people.
*Erasmus-was a Dutch priest who wrote a new Greek edition of the Bible.
*Thomas More-explained to people that how to live in peace and harmony, and that justice is used to end crime rather than eliminate criminals.
*Utopia-is used for that ideal, perfect world. But it is said that it is impractical.
*Shakespeare-was a famous playwrite who wrote 37 plays still being performed around the world today.
Checkpoints ?What was the impact of the printing press?
>Printing books became cheaper and easier, so more people learned to read and got educated.
?What themes did northern Renaissance artists explore?
>Engraving and painting were some of northern Renaissances' most powerful themes.
?What Renaissance ideas did Shakespeare's work address?
>He developed more than 1,700 words into the English language, and to be used in his plays to help people understand them.
Section 3
Terms
*indulgences-a way to buy yourself a way to heaven
*Martin Luther-a German monk and professor that started protests against the Church
*Wittenburg-a city where Johann Tetzel sold indulgences
*Charles V-Holy Roman Emperor during the Renaissance
*diet-a meeting of German Princes
*John Calvin-a reformer that affected the direction of the Reformation
*predestination-idea that God has already determined who would gain salvation
*Geneva-a Swiss city-state from which Calvin lead Protestants
*theocracy-government run by the Church
Checkpoints
?What factors set the stage for the Protestant Reformation?
>Popes and Churches fought monarchs and princes for political power and land.
?How did Luther's teachings affect people and society in northern Europe?
>Peasants rebelled, killed and left homeless thousands of people, to recieve freedom.
?How were Calvin's ideas put into practice?
>Priests liked his ideas of stressing the importance of the Bible and rejecting elaborate rituals.
Section 4
Terms
*sect-religious groups that broke away from the church
*Henry VIII-a King responsible for the break of the Catholic Church
*Mary Tudor-Henry's daughter
*Thomas Cranmer-annulled Henry's marriage with Catherine
*Elizabeth-his second wife's daughter
*canonize-to recognize as a saint
*compromise-an acceptable middle ground
*Council of Trent-council that met to discuss direction of the Reformation
*Ignatius of Loyota-a Spanish knight that founded a new religious order
*Teresa of Avila-recognized feelings of intense faith
*ghetto-a small separated quarter of a city
Checkpoints
?Who were the Anabaptists?
>People who believed that infants were too young to understand/accept the Christian faith.
?Why was the Church of England established?
>Henry thought Catholic churches were centers of immorality, and he wanted the use of the English Bible.
?What was the outcome of the Catholic Reformation?
>Most Europeans remained Catholic, but Protestantism had stayed and spread.
?Why were Jews and other people persecuted?
>Martin Luther wanted them to convert to his teachings, but when they didn't want to they were persecuted.
Section 5
Terms
*Nicolaus Copernicus-proposed the heliocentric model
*heliocentric-a sun-centered model of the universe
*Tycho Brahe-a Danish astronomer who followed stars
*Johannes Kepler-Brahe's assistant who used his data to calculate the planets' orbits
*Galileo-observed Jupiter's moons moving around Jupiter
*Francis Bacon-English, determined how truth is determined with partner below
*Rene Descartes-French, determined how truth is determined with partner above
*scientific method-step-by-step process of discovery
*hypothesis-a possible explanation or predection
*Robert Boyle-thought of chemicals as blocks
*Isaac Newton-discovered gravity
*gravity-the force that kept the planets going around the Sun
*calculus-a branch of mathematics used in explaining gravity
Checkpoints
?Why was Copernicus's theory seen as radical?
>Everyone thought they were chosen by God and the Earth was at the center of the Universe.
?How did Bacon and Descartes each approach the new scientific method?
>Bacon believed in observation and experimentation, while Descartes thought reasoning lead to understanding.
?How did Boyle transform the science of chemistry?
>He explained that chemicals were just small elements mixed together to form different substances.
?How did Newton use observations of nature to explain the movements of the planets?
>He said that all motion can be measured and the force can also that keeps the planets in orbit.
Section 1
Terms
*humanism-study of Greek and Roman culture
*humanities-grammer, peotry, and history
*Petrarch-a humanist, poet, and scholar
*Florence-a main country in the Renaissance
*patron-financial supporter
*perspective-the way artists looked at realistic art
*Leonardo-artist and inventor with models
*Michelangelo-a sculptor, engineer painter, architect, and poet
*Raphael-painted with a blend of Christian and classical styles
*Baldassare Castiglione-wrote a book explaining manners, skills, and learnings
*Niccolo Machiavelli-wrote a guide on how to gain and keep power
Checkpoints
?What were the main characteristics of the Renaissance?
>It was an advance in art, literature, and acting.
?Why was Italy a favorable setting for the Renaissance?
>Most Italian families were economic leaders, very rich, and successful.
?How were Renaissance ideals reflected in the arts?
>Artists invented many new styles of painting, like classical, realistic, Christian, etc.
?How did Renaissance writings express realism?
>They provided a realistic look at politics, ethnicity, natures of government, and use of power.
Section 2
Terms
*Johann Gutenberg-printed the first complete edition of the Bible using his invention, a printing press.
*Flanders-was a region including present day France, Belgium, and the Netherlands.
*Albrecht Durer-was a German painter, and one of the first of northern artists to be profoundly affected by the Renaissance.
*Engraving-was when an artist etches a design on metal with acid.
*Vernacular-is the everyday language used by ordinary people.
*Erasmus-was a Dutch priest who wrote a new Greek edition of the Bible.
*Thomas More-explained to people that how to live in peace and harmony, and that justice is used to end crime rather than eliminate criminals.
*Utopia-is used for that ideal, perfect world. But it is said that it is impractical.
*Shakespeare-was a famous playwrite who wrote 37 plays still being performed around the world today.
Checkpoints
?What was the impact of the printing press?
>Printing books became cheaper and easier, so more people learned to read and got educated.
?What themes did northern Renaissance artists explore?
>Engraving and painting were some of northern Renaissances' most powerful themes.
?What Renaissance ideas did Shakespeare's work address?
>He developed more than 1,700 words into the English language, and to be used in his plays to help people understand them.
Section 3
Terms
*indulgences-a way to buy yourself a way to heaven
*Martin Luther-a German monk and professor that started protests against the Church
*Wittenburg-a city where Johann Tetzel sold indulgences
*Charles V-Holy Roman Emperor during the Renaissance
*diet-a meeting of German Princes
*John Calvin-a reformer that affected the direction of the Reformation
*predestination-idea that God has already determined who would gain salvation
*Geneva-a Swiss city-state from which Calvin lead Protestants
*theocracy-government run by the Church
Checkpoints
?What factors set the stage for the Protestant Reformation?
>Popes and Churches fought monarchs and princes for political power and land.
?How did Luther's teachings affect people and society in northern Europe?
>Peasants rebelled, killed and left homeless thousands of people, to recieve freedom.
?How were Calvin's ideas put into practice?
>Priests liked his ideas of stressing the importance of the Bible and rejecting elaborate rituals.
Section 4
Terms
*sect-religious groups that broke away from the church
*Henry VIII-a King responsible for the break of the Catholic Church
*Mary Tudor-Henry's daughter
*Thomas Cranmer-annulled Henry's marriage with Catherine
*Elizabeth-his second wife's daughter
*canonize-to recognize as a saint
*compromise-an acceptable middle ground
*Council of Trent-council that met to discuss direction of the Reformation
*Ignatius of Loyota-a Spanish knight that founded a new religious order
*Teresa of Avila-recognized feelings of intense faith
*ghetto-a small separated quarter of a city
Checkpoints
?Who were the Anabaptists?
>People who believed that infants were too young to understand/accept the Christian faith.
?Why was the Church of England established?
>Henry thought Catholic churches were centers of immorality, and he wanted the use of the English Bible.
?What was the outcome of the Catholic Reformation?
>Most Europeans remained Catholic, but Protestantism had stayed and spread.
?Why were Jews and other people persecuted?
>Martin Luther wanted them to convert to his teachings, but when they didn't want to they were persecuted.
Section 5
Terms
*Nicolaus Copernicus-proposed the heliocentric model
*heliocentric-a sun-centered model of the universe
*Tycho Brahe-a Danish astronomer who followed stars
*Johannes Kepler-Brahe's assistant who used his data to calculate the planets' orbits
*Galileo-observed Jupiter's moons moving around Jupiter
*Francis Bacon-English, determined how truth is determined with partner below
*Rene Descartes-French, determined how truth is determined with partner above
*scientific method-step-by-step process of discovery
*hypothesis-a possible explanation or predection
*Robert Boyle-thought of chemicals as blocks
*Isaac Newton-discovered gravity
*gravity-the force that kept the planets going around the Sun
*calculus-a branch of mathematics used in explaining gravity
Checkpoints
?Why was Copernicus's theory seen as radical?
>Everyone thought they were chosen by God and the Earth was at the center of the Universe.
?How did Bacon and Descartes each approach the new scientific method?
>Bacon believed in observation and experimentation, while Descartes thought reasoning lead to understanding.
?How did Boyle transform the science of chemistry?
>He explained that chemicals were just small elements mixed together to form different substances.
?How did Newton use observations of nature to explain the movements of the planets?
>He said that all motion can be measured and the force can also that keeps the planets in orbit.